ENFORCEMENT DECREE OF THE FRAMEWORK ACT ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES
Wholly Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20102, jun. 26, 2007
Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008
Presidential Decree No. 22075, Mar. 15, 2010
Presidential Decree No. 22151, May 4, 2010
Presidential Decree No. 22269, Jul. 12, 2010
Presidential Decree No. 22467, Nov. 2, 2010
Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013
Presidential Decree No. 24474, Mar. 23, 2013
Presidential Decree No. 25751, Nov. 19, 2014
Presidential Decree No. 28211, Jul. 26, 2017
Presidential Decree No. 28799, Apr. 17, 2018
| Article 2 (Procedures for Formulating Basic Plans) |
| (2) | The Minister of Education shall prepare guidelines for formulating a basic plan following deliberation by the National Human Resources Committee (hereinafter referred to as the "Committee") established under Article 7 of the Act, and shall inform the head of a relevant central administrative agency of such guidelines by no later than the last day of February of the year preceding the year of commencement of a basic plan. <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013> |
| (3) | The head of a relevant central administrative agency shall prepare a plan, policy, etc. related to the development of human resources in the fields under the jurisdiction of such head in accordance with the guidelines prepared under paragraph (2), and shall submit them to the Minister of Education by no later than June 30 of the year preceding the year of commencement of a basic plan. <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013> |
| (4) | When the head of a relevant central administrative agency submits a plan, policy, etc. related to the development of human resources in the fields under the jurisdiction of such head, the Minister of Education shall compile them to prepare a draft basic plan. <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013> |
| (5) | When a basic plan is finalized following deliberation by the Committee and the State Council under Article 5 (3) of the Act, the Minister of Education shall inform the head of a relevant central administrative agency and the head of a local government of the finalized plan. <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013> |
| Article 3 (Matters to Be Included in Basic Plans) |
"Other matters concerning the development of human resources, which are prescribed by Presidential Decree" in Article 5 (5) 11 of the Act means the following: | 1. | Matters concerning social cooperation and trust enhancement for the development of human resources; |
| 2. | Matters concerning economic growth and development through the development of human resources; |
| 3. | Matters concerning welfare improvement through the development of human resources. |
| Article 4 (Procedures for Formulating Implementation Plans) |
| (1) | The Minister of Education shall determine guidelines for formulating an implementation plan for the following year (hereafter referred to as "guidelines for formulating implementation plans" in this Article) following deliberation by the Committee to ensure that the head of a relevant central administrative agency may establish an annual implementation plan (hereinafter referred to as "implementation plan") concerning affairs under his or her jurisdiction pursuant to Article 5 (6) of the Act, and shall inform the head of a relevant central administrative agency of such guidelines by no later than June 30 of every year. <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013> |
| (2) | The head of a relevant central administrative agency shall prepare an implementation plan in accordance with the guidelines for formulating implementation plans, and shall submit an implementation plan for the following year to the Minister of Education by no later than September 30 of every year. <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013> |
| (3) | Upon receipt of implementation plans for the following year under paragraph (2), the Minister of Education shall compile such plans subject to deliberation by the Committee and shall inform the head of a relevant central administrative agency and the head of a local government of the results of deliberation by no later than November 30 of every year. <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013> |
| (4) | With respect to implementation plans for the year of commencing basic plans, the deadline for informing guidelines for formulating implementation plans, the deadline for submitting implementation plans to the Minister of Education, and the deadline for informing the results of deliberation may be determined otherwise following deliberation by the Committee, notwithstanding paragraphs (1) through (3). <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013> |
| Article 5 (Composition and Operation of the Committee) |
| (1) | "Heads of the relevant central administrative agencies prescribed by Presidential Decree or institutions equivalent thereto" in Article 7 (5) 1 of the Act means the Minister of Economy and Finance, the Minister of Science and ICT, the Minister of National Defense, the Minister of the Interior and Safety, the Minister of Culture, Sports and Tourism, the Minister of Trade, Industry and Energy, the Minister of Health and Welfare, the Minister of Employment and Labor, the Minister of Gender Equality and Family, the Minister of SMEs and Startups, the Minister of the Office for Government Policy Coordination, and the Minister of Personnel Management. <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 22075, Mar. 15, 2010; Presidential Decree No. 22269, Jul. 12, 2010; Presidential Decree No. 24423. Mar. 23, 2013; Presidential Decree No. 25751, Nov. 19, 2014; Presidential Decree No. 28211, Jul. 26, 2017> |
| (2) | The chairperson of the Committee (hereinafter referred to as "chairperson") may require the head of a central administrative agency, the chairperson of an advisory council under the jurisdiction of the President, or the head of a local government related to an agenda item submitted to the Committee to attend the meetings and provide opinions. |
| (3) | The term of office of a member commissioned under Article 7 (5) 2 of the Act shall be two years and may be renewed: Provided, That a member may be dismissed, where it is deemed that he or she is not suitable to be qualified as a member, such as being unable to perform the duties due to unavoidable causes. |
| (4) | If the chairperson intends to convene a meeting, he or she shall inform in writing each member of the date, time and place of the meeting as well as agenda items referred to the meeting seven days before it is held: Provided, That the foregoing shall not apply where any agenda item needs to be urgently addressed. |
| (5) | When a local government is related to any matter on which the head of a relevant central administrative agency requests deliberation pursuant to Article 7 (2) 8 of the Act, the head of the central administrative agency shall request deliberation, along with a written review by the head of the relevant local government. |
| (6) | A majority of the members of the Committee shall constitute quorum, and any resolution thereof shall require the concurring vote of at least a majority of those present. |
| (7) | The chairperson shall prepare and retain the minutes of the meetings of the Committee. |
| Article 6 (Matters to Be Deliberated upon by the Committee) |
| 1. | Matters regarding the inducement and use of international human resources; |
| 2. | Matters regarding international cooperation related to the development of human resources; |
| 3. | Matters regarding collaboration of education, employment and welfare with each other; |
| 4. | Matters regarding specialization of universities; |
| 5. | Matters regarding establishment of infrastructure for the development of human resources. |
| Article 7 (Procedures for Consulting on Matters Related to Development of Human Resources in Fields of Science and Technology) |
| (1) | Where the Committee intends to consult with the Presidential Advisory Council on Science and Technology established under the Presidential Advisory Council on Science and Technology Act (hereinafter referred to as the "Presidential Advisory Council on Science and Technology") on matters related to the development of human resources in the fields of science and technology under the proviso to Article 7 (2) of the Act, it shall submit a written request for consultation to the Presidential Advisory Council on Science and Technology, attaching relevant documents thereto. <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 24474, Mar. 23, 2013; Presidential Decree No. 28799, Apr. 17, 2018> |
| (2) | Deleted. <by Presidential Decree No. 24474, Mar. 23, 2013> |
| (3) | The Presidential Advisory Council on Science and Technology shall provide the Committee with opinions on matters on which consultation is requested. <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 24474, Mar. 23, 2013; Presidential Decree No. 28799, Apr. 17, 2018> |
| Article 8 (Composition and Operation of Steering Committee) |
| (1) | The steering committee established under Article 7 (9) of the Act (hereinafter referred to as "steering committee") shall be composed of up to 30 members, including 1 chairperson. |
| (2) | The chief of the headquarters for promoting policies on the development of human resources referred to in Article 7 (8) of the Act (hereinafter referred to as "chief of the headquarters") shall serve as the chairperson of the steering committee, and the following persons shall be its members: |
| 1. | A member of the Senior Executive Service of a central administrative agency (including any agency equivalent thereto; hereinafter the same shall apply) to which a member of the Committee belongs, and a member of the Senior Executive Service of the headquarters for promoting policies on the development of human resources; |
| 2. | A member of the Senior Executive Service of a central administrative agency related to an agenda item submitted to the steering committee; |
| 3. | A person commissioned by the chairperson of the steering committee, from among those with expertise and experience in the development of human resources. |
| (3) | The term of office of a member commissioned under paragraph (2) 3 shall be two years. |
| (4) | The steering committee shall have one executive secretary to handle its affairs, and the chairperson of the steering committee shall appoint the executive secretary from among public officials belonging to the headquarters for promoting policies on the development of human resources. |
| (5) | The chairperson of the steering committee shall exercise general supervision over its affairs. |
| (6) | The chairperson of the steering committee shall convene its meeting, when he or she deems such meeting necessary or its members demand it. |
| (7) | If the chairperson of the steering committee intends to convene a meeting, he or she shall inform in writing each member of the date, time and place of the meeting as well as agenda items submitted to the meeting five days before it is held: Provided, That the foregoing shall not apply where any agenda item needs to be urgently addressed. |
| (8) | A majority of the members of the steering committee shall constitute quorum, and any resolution thereof shall require the concurring vote of at least a majority of those present. |
| (9) | The chairperson of the steering committee shall prepare and retain the minutes of the meetings of the Committee. |
| Article 9 (Composition and Operation of Special Committee) |
| (1) | The special committee (hereinafter referred to as "special committee") shall be established under the Committee pursuant to Article 7 (9) of the Act to deliberate on agenda items delegated by the Committee. |
| (2) | The special committee shall be composed of up to 25 members, including 1 chairperson. |
| (3) | The Minister of Education shall serve as the chairperson of the special committee, and the following persons shall be its members: <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013> |
| 1. | The head of a central administrative agency related to agenda items submitted to the special committee; |
| 2. | A person commissioned by the chairperson of the special committee, from among those with expertise and experience related to agenda items submitted to the special committee. |
| (4) | The term of office of a member commissioned under paragraph 3 (2) shall be two years. |
| (5) | The special committee shall have one executive secretary to handle its affairs, and the chief of the headquarters shall serve as the executive secretary. |
| (6) | Article 8 (5) through (9) shall apply mutatis mutandis to the operation of the special committee. In such cases, the "steering committee" shall be construed as the "special committee." |
| Article 10 (Composition and Operation of Specialized Committee) |
| (1) | A specialized committee by field established under Article 7 (9) of the Act (hereinafter referred to as "specialized committee") shall be composed of up to 25 members, including 1 chairperson, by each field. |
| (2) | Members of a specialized committee shall be composed of those appointed or commissioned by the chairperson of the Committee, from among the following persons: |
| 1. | A member of the Senior Executive Service, public official of Grade III, or public official equivalent thereto of a central administrative agency in the relevant field, or a member of the Senior Executive Service, public official of Grade III, or public official equivalent thereto of the headquarters for promoting policies on the development of human resources; |
| 2. | A member of the Senior Executive Service or a public official of Grade III of a central administrative agency related to agenda items submitted to a specialized committee; |
| 3. | A person with expertise and experience in the relevant field. |
| (3) | The term of office of a member commissioned under paragraph (2) 3 shall be two years. |
| (4) | The chairperson of the Committee shall designate the chairperson of a specialized committee, from among its members. |
| Article 11 (Matters regarding Operation of the Committee) |
| (1) | The Committee, steering committee, special committee and specialized committees (hereinafter referred to as "committee, etc.") may request the following agencies, etc. (hereinafter referred to as "related agencies") and experts to cooperate in submitting materials or their opinions, or may request attendance of relevant persons to hear their opinions, if necessary to deliberate on agenda items and perform other duties: |
| 1. | A relevant central administrative agency; |
| 3. | An educational or research institutes; |
| 4. | Other corporations or organizations participating in human resources development projects. |
| (2) | If necessary to deliberate on agenda items and perform other duties, the committee, etc. may request domestic or foreign related agencies or experts to conduct investigations or research regarding the relevant matters. |
| (3) | The committee, etc. may pay the expenses incurred in conducting investigations or research requested under paragraph (2), within budgetary limits. |
| (4) | Allowances and travel expenses may be paid to members and relevant persons who appear before the committee, etc. or experts who submit their opinions, within budgetary limits: Provided, That the foregoing shall not apply where a member, who is a public official, appears before the committee, etc. in direct connection with the duties under his or her jurisdiction. |
| Article 12 (Detailed Regulations on Operation) |
Except as otherwise provided in this Decree, matters necessary to operate the committee, etc. shall be determined by the chairpersons thereof respectively, following deliberation by the relevant committee, etc.
| Article 13 (Scope of and Procedures for Self-Evaluation) |
| (1) | The head of a central administrative agency and the head of a local government who conduct self-evaluations under Article 8 (1) of the Act shall, in person, select policies, projects, tasks, etc. on the development of human resources (hereinafter referred to as "policies, etc. on the development of human resources") subject to self-evaluation, based on the implementation plan for public service evaluation prescribed in Article 8 (3) of the Framework Act on Public Service Evaluation, and shall include the following policies, etc. therein: |
| 1. | Basic and essential policies, etc. on the development of human resources to fulfill the duties of the relevant institution; |
| 2. | Policies, etc. on the development of human resources to achieve performance objectives for the relevant year; |
| 3. | Policies, etc. on the development of human resources to nurture, allocate and utilize the knowledge, technologies, capabilities, attitudes, etc. of citizens. |
| (2) | The head of a central administrative agency and the head of a local government shall conduct self-evaluations of human resources development projects for the preceding year under Article 8 (1) of the Act and shall submit the results thereof to the Committee by no later than March 31 of every year. |
| (3) | A database shall be established to manage the results of self-evaluations. |
| Article 14 (Conducting Special Evaluation) |
| (1) | A specialized committee for evaluation as one of the specialized committees by field prescribed in Article 10 (1) shall be established under the Committee to conduct special evaluations, etc. under Article 9 of the Act. |
| (2) | "Other major human resources development projects, which are determined by Presidential Decree" in Article 9 (1) 5 of the Act means the following projects: |
| 1. | A project emerging as a national or social issue; |
| 2. | A project for which satisfaction of citizens regarding institutions or promoting policies, etc. needs to be measured. |
| (3) | The Committee shall deliberate and decide on a plan for special evaluation or for investigation and analysis pursuant to Article 9 (2) or (5) of the Act, and shall inform the head of a relevant central administrative agency of such plans by no later than December 31 of every year. |
| (4) | A plan referred to in paragraph (3) shall include the relevant project, indexes, materials to be submitted, submission deadline, institutions that shall submit materials, etc. |
| (5) | An institution requested to submit materials under Article 9 (6) of the Act shall submit the following materials to the Committee: |
| 1. | Procedures, costs, business performance, etc. of human resources development projects; |
| 2. | Materials regarding the results of pursuing an implementation plan for human resources development projects for the preceding year; |
| 3. | Materials determined by the executive secretary of the Committee in consultation with the head of a related agency. |
| (6) | The Committee may require a person who performs an evaluation to verify or examine materials regarding evaluation in order to conduct a special evaluation under Article 9 (6) of the Act. |
| (7) | Article 7 regarding procedures for consultation related to the development of human resources in the field of science and technology shall apply mutatis mutandis to procedures for consultation between the Committee and the Minister of Science and ICT on national research and development projects, for which the Minister of Science and ICT shall conduct an investigation, analysis, evaluation, etc. pursuant to the proviso to Article 9 (1) and (5) of the Act. <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 24474, Mar. 23, 2013; Presidential Decree No. 28211, Jul. 26, 2017> |
| (9) | The Committee shall establish a database for materials submitted under paragraph (5) and for the results of special evaluations, etc. conducted under Article 9 of the Act and shall facilitate the effective use of such database. |
| Article 15 (Officer in Charge of Policies on Development of Human Resources) |
| (1) | Where the head of a relevant central administrative agency and the head of a local government designates an officer to be in charge of policies on the development of human resources under Article 10 (1) of the Act, he or she shall designate the officer, from among the following persons: |
| 1. | A central administrative agency: A member of the Senior Executive Service, a state public official of Grade III, or a state public official equivalent thereto; |
| 2. | A local government: A member of the Senior Executive Service, a public official of Grades II through IV, or a public official equivalent thereto. |
| (2) | An officer in charge of policies on the development of human resources prescribed in paragraph (1) shall exercise general supervision over the following affairs related to the duties of the institution to which he or she belongs: |
| 1. | Establishing or coordinating policies related to the development of human resources; |
| 2. | Matters regarding evaluating projects related to the development of human resources; |
| 3. | Increasing investment in the development of human resources. |
| Article 16 (Designation of Human Resources Development Evaluation Center) |
A person who intends to be designated as a Human Resources Development Evaluation Center prescribed in Article 12 (1) of the Act shall submit an application for designation as a Human Resources Development Evaluation Center (including an electronic application) to the Minister of Education, attaching thereto the following documents (including electronic documents). In such cases, the Minister of Education shall verify a corporate registration certificate (limited to a corporation) by sharing administrative information under Article 36 (1) of the Electronic Government Act: <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 22151, May 4, 2010; Presidential Decree No. 22467, Nov. 2, 2010; Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013> | 1. | A plan for pursuing projects; |
| 2. | A detailed statement and operational plan regarding facilities, equipment, professional personnel, etc. necessary to perform duties; |
| 3. | Articles of incorporation (limited to a corporation). |
| Article 17 (Agency in Charge for Establishment of Cooperative Networks) |
| (1) | A person who intends to be designated as an agency in charge of the establishment of a cooperative network (hereinafter referred to as "agency in charge") under Article 13 (2) of the Act shall submit an application for designation as an agency in charge for the establishment of a cooperative network (including an electronic application) to the Minister of Education, attaching the following documents (including an electronic documents). In such cases, the Minister of Education shall verify a corporate registration certificate (limited to a corporation) by sharing administrative information under Article 36 (1) of the Electronic Government Act: <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 22151, May 4, 2010; Presidential Decree No. 22467, Nov. 2, 2010; Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013> |
| 1. | A plan for pursuing projects; |
| 2. | A detailed statement and operational plan regarding facilities, equipment, professional personnel, etc. necessary to perform duties; |
| 3. | Articles of incorporation (limited to a corporation). |
| (2) | Upon receipt of an application under paragraph (1), the Minister of Education shall designate an agency in charge, considering the following requirements: <Amended by Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008; Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013> |
| 1. | Feasibility and validity of a plan for pursuing projects; |
| 2. | An applicant shall specialize in and represent the field of the development of human resources; |
| 3. | An applicant shall have an organization, human resources and facilities to efficiently pursue policies on the development of human resources and to facilitate the distribution of information, etc.; |
| 4. | An applicant shall have a system for sharing opinions with a related government-funded research institutes, educational institutions, research institutes, organization, etc. |
| Article 18 (Entrustment of Business Affairs concerning Certification) |
Public institutions or private organizations, etc. to which the Government may entrust business affairs concerning certification under Article 14 (2) of the Act shall be as follows: | 2. | The Human Resources Development Service of Korea established under the Human Resources Development Service of Korea Act; |
| 3. | Other public institutions or private organizations, etc. jointly determined and publicly notified by the heads of relevant central administrative agencies, comprehensively considering human and physical factors for certification. |
| Article 19 (Institutions to Be Certified) |
An institution to be certified as a superior institution in the development of human resources under Article 14 (4) of the Act shall be as follows: | 6. | Other institutions deemed necessary for the development of human resources, which are jointly determined and publicly notified by the heads of relevant central administrative agencies. |
| Article 20 (Standards and Procedures for Certification) |
| (1) | "Any other circumstances prescribed by Presidential Decree" in Article 14 (3) 2 of the Act means a circumstance where the standards for certification referred to in paragraph (2) are not met. |
| (2) | The standards for certifying a superior institution in the development human resources referred to in Article 14 (4) of the Act shall be as follows: |
| 1. | Matters regarding whether a reasonable decision is made in accordance with merit-based principles in overall personnel administration, such as recruitment, transfer, management by objectives, evaluation, promotion or compensation; |
| 2. | Matters regarding whether lifelong learning in planning, operation, evaluation, infrastructure, etc. is excellently implemented to ensure that employees can successfully develop their capabilities and careers. |
| (3) | Where the Government certifies a superior institution in the development of human resources, etc., it shall publicly announce such fact and receive an application from an institution which intends to be certified for 30 days after public announcement to grant certification through written examination and on-site inspection. |
| (4) | Detailed matters regarding standards, procedures, etc. for certification shall be jointly determined and publicly notified by the heads of relevant central administrative agencies. |
ADDENDA
Article 1 (Enforcement Date)
This Decree shall enter into force on June 28, 2007.
Article 2 (Transitional Measures concerning Specialized Committees)
The specialized committees established under the previous provisions as at the time this Decree enters into force shall be deemed specialized committees established under the amended provisions of Article 10.
Article 3 Omitted.
Article 4 (Relationship with Other Statutes and Regulations)
Any citation of provisions of the previous Enforcement Decree of the Framework Act on the Development of Human Resources by other statutes and regulations as at the time this Decree enters into force shall be deemed a citation of the relevant provisions of this Decree in lieu of the previous provisions, if such relevant provisions exist herein.
ADDENDA <Presidential Decree No. 20740, Feb. 29, 2008>
Article 1 (Enforcement Date)
This Decree shall enter into force on the date of its promulgation.
Articles 2 through 7 Omitted.
ADDENDA <Presidential Decree No. 22075, Mar. 15, 2010>
Article 1 (Enforcement Date)
This Decree shall enter into force on March 19, 2010. (Proviso Omitted.)
Article 2 Omitted.
ADDENDA <Presidential Decree No. 22151, May 4, 2010>
Article 1 (Enforcement Date)
This Decree shall enter into force on May 5, 2010.
Articles 2 through 4 Omitted.
ADDENDA <Presidential Decree No. 22269, Jul. 12, 2010>
Article 1 (Enforcement Date)
This Decree shall enter into force on the date of its promulgation. (Proviso Omitted.)
Article 2 Omitted.
ADDENDUM <Presidential Decree No. 22467, Nov. 2, 2010>
This Decree shall enter into force on the date of its promulgation.
ADDENDA <Presidential Decree No. 24423, Mar. 23, 2013>
Article 1 (Enforcement Date)
This Decree shall enter into force on the date of its promulgation. (Proviso Omitted.)
Articles 2 through 7 Omitted.
ADDENDA <Presidential Decree No. 24474, Mar. 23, 2013>
Article 1 (Enforcement Date)
This Decree shall enter into force on the date of its promulgation.
Article 2 Omitted.
ADDENDA <Presidential Decree No. 25751, Nov. 19, 2014>
Article 1 (Enforcement Date)
This Decree shall enter into force on the date of its promulgation: Provided, That, among the Presidential Decrees amended under Article 5 to the Addenda, amendments to Presidential Decrees, which were promulgated before this Decree enters into force but the enforcement dates of which have yet to arrive, shall enter into force on the enforcement date of the relevant Presidential Decree, respectively.
Articles 2 through 5 Omitted.
ADDENDA <Presidential Decree No. 28211, Jul. 26, 2017>
Article 1 (Enforcement Date)
This Decree shall enter into force on the date of its promulgation: Provided, That, among the Presidential Decrees amended under Article 8 to the Addenda, amendments to Presidential Decrees, which were promulgated before this Decree enters into force but the enforcement dates of which have yet to arrive, shall enter into force on the enforcement date of the relevant Presidential Decree, respectively.
Articles 2 through 8 Omitted.
ADDENDA <Presidential Decree No. 28799, Apr. 17, 2018>
Article 1 (Enforcement Date)
This Decree shall enter into force on April 17, 2018.
Articles 2 through 7 Omitted.