COMMERCIAL ACT
ALL
PART I GENERAL PROVISIONS
CHAPTER I COMMON PROVISIONS
Article 1 (Applicable Rules to Commercial Matters)
Article 2 (Commercial Activities of Public Corporations)
Article 3 (Unilateral Commercial Activities)
CHAPTER II MERCHANTS
Article 4 (Merchant-by Nature of Business)
Article 5 (Merchant-by Legal Construction)
Article 6 (Business of Minors and Registration thereof)
Article 7 (Minors and General Partners)
Article 8 (Representation of Business by Legal Representatives)
Article 9 (Petty Merchants)
CHAPTER III COMMERCIAL EMPLOYEES
Article 10 (Appointment of Managers)
Article 11 (Rights of Representation by Managers)
Article 12 (Co-managers)
Article 13 (Registration of Managers)
Article 14 (Apparent Managers)
Article 15 (Employee with Partial Comprehensive Agency Authority)
Article 16 (Employees of Stores Selling Goods)
Article 17 (Obligations of Commercial Employees)
CHAPTER IV TRADE NAMES
Article 18 (Free Choice of Trade Name)
Article 19 (Trade Name of Company)
Article 20 (Prohibition of Illegal Use of Trade Name of Company)
Article 21 (Unitary Trade Name)
Article 22 (Legal Effects of Registration of Trade Name)
Article 22-2 (Provisional Registration of Trade Name)
Article 23 (Prohibition of Use of Trade Names Causing Misconception on Ownership of Business)
Article 24 (Liability of Persons who have Lent their Names)
Article 25 (Transfer of Trade Name)
Article 26 (Legal Effects of Non-Use of Trade Name)
Article 27 (Requests for Cancellation of Registration of Trade Name)
Article 28 (Penalties for Illegal Use of Trade Name)
CHAPTER V TRADE BOOKS
Article 29 (Types of, and Principles for Preparation of, Trade Books)
Article 30 (Methods of Preparing Trade Books)
Article 31 Deleted.
Article 32 (Submission of Trade Books)
Article 33 (Preservation of Trade Books, etc.)
CHAPTER VI COMMERCIAL REGISTRATION
Article 34 (General Rules)
Article 34-2 Deleted.
Article 35 (Registration in Localities of Branch Offices)
Article 36 Deleted.
Article 37 (Effects of Registration)
Article 38 (Legal Effects of Registration in Localities of Branch Offices)
Article 39 (False Registration)
Article 40 (Registration of Changes or Extinguishment)
CHAPTER VII TRANSFER OF BUSINESS
Article 41 (Prohibition of Competition by Transferor of Business)
Article 42 (Liability of Business Transferee who Continues to Use Trade Name)
Article 43 (Repayment to Business Transferee)
Article 44 (Liability of Business Transferee who has Made Public His/Her Assumption of Obligations)
Article 45 (Duration of Liability of Business Transferor)
PART II COMMERCIAL ACTIVITIES
CHAPTER I COMMON PROVISIONS
Article 46 (Basic Commercial Activities)
Article 47 (Appendage Commercial Activities)
Article 48 (Methods of Agency)
Article 49 (Entrustment)
Article 50 (Continuation of Agency Rights)
Article 51 (Binding Effect of Offer of Contract Inter Presentes)
Article 52 Deleted.
Article 53 (Duty of Notification of Acceptance or Rejection of Offer)
Article 54 (Statutory Interest Rate in Commercial Activities)
Article 55 (Claim for Statutory Interest)
Article 56 (Places of Performance of Obligations Arising out of Transactions at Branch Offices)
Article 57 (Joint and Several Obligations among Multiple Obligors, or between Obligor and Guarantor)
Article 58 (Mercantile Liens)
Article 59 (Permission of Foreclosure Agreement)
Article 60 (Duty to Keep Goods)
Article 61 (Merchant's Right to Demand Remuneration)
Article 62 (Responsibility of Merchants who Accepted Deposit of Goods)
Article 63 (Transaction Hours and Performance of Obligation or Demand therefor)
Article 64 (Statute of Limitations for Commercial Claims)
Article 65 (Securities and Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 66 (Quasi Commercial Activities)
CHAPTER II SALE
Article 67 (Rights of Sellers for Deposit and Auction of Subject Matters)
Article 68 (Rescission of Contract for Sale at Fixed Time)
Article 69 (Buyers' Duties to Inspect Subject Matters and to Notify Defects)
Article 70 (Buyers' Duties to Keep or Deposit Subject Matters)
Article 71 (Idem-Cases such as Excess Quantity)
CHAPTER III ACCOUNT CURRENT
Article 72 (Definition)
Article 73 (Special Provisions concerning Claims and Obligations Represented by Commercial Papers)
Article 74 (Period of Account Current)
Article 75 (Approval of and Objections to Statement of Account)
Article 76 (Statutory Interest on Credit Balance)
Article 77 (Termination)
CHAPTER IV UNDISCLOSED ASSOCIATION
Article 78 (Definition)
Article 79 (Investments by Association Members)
Article 80 (External Relations of Association Members)
Article 81 (Liability Based on Consent to Use Association Member Name or Trade Name)
Article 82 (Dividend of Profits and Bearing Losses)
Article 83 (Termination of Contracts)
Article 84 (Natural Reasons for Contract Termination)
Article 85 (Legal Effects of Termination of Contracts)
Article 86 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
CHAPTER IV-2 LIMITED PARTNERSHIP
Article 86-2 (Definition)
Article 86-3 (Partnership Agreements)
Article 86-4 (Registration)
Article 86-5 (General Partners)
Article 86-6 (Liability of Limited Partners)
Article 86-7 (Transfer of Partner's Share)
Article 86-8 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 86-9 (Administrative Fines)
CHAPTER V COMMERCIAL AGENTS
Article 87 (Definition)
Article 88 (Duty of Notification)
Article 89 (Prohibition of Competition)
Article 90 (Authority to Receive Notice)
Article 91 (Lien of Commercial Agents)
Article 92 (Termination of Contracts)
Article 92-2 (Commercial Agents' Right to Request Compensation)
Article 92-3 (Duty of Commercial Agents to Keep Trade Secrets)
CHAPTER VI BROKERAGE
Article 93 (Definition)
Article 94 (Brokers' Authority to Receive Payment on behalf of Parties)
Article 95 (Duty to Retain Samples)
Article 96 (Duty to Deliver Contract Documents)
Article 97 (Duty to Maintain Books)
Article 98 (Duty to Remain Silent about Name or Trade Name)
Article 99 (Brokers’ Obligations)
Article 100 (Right to Demand Remuneration)
CHAPTER VII COMMISSION AGENCY
Article 101 (Definition)
Article 102 (Status of Commission Agents)
Article 103 (Ownership of Goods Consigned)
Article 104 (Duty to Notify Sale or Purchase and to Submit Statement of Account)
Article 105 (Liability of Commission Agents to Secure Performance)
Article 106 (Duty to Observe Designated Price)
Article 107 (Commission Agents' Right of Intervention)
Article 108 (Effects of Damage or Defects, etc. in Consigned Goods)
Article 109 (Right to Place Goods in Public Depository or on Auction)
Article 110 (Cases Where Consignor of Purchase is Merchant)
Article 111 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 112 (Application of Provisions concerning Mandate)
Article 113 (Quasi-Commission Agents)
CHAPTER VIII FORWARDING AGENT BUSINESS
Article 114 (Definition)
Article 115 (Liability for Damages)
Article 116 (Right of Intervention)
Article 117 (Subrogation of Interceding Forwarding Agents)
Article 118 (Acquisition of Carriers' Rights)
Article 119 (Right to Demand Remuneration)
Article 120 (Liens)
Article 121 (Statute of Limitations for Liability of Forwarding Agents)
Article 122 (Statute of Limitations for Claims of Forwarding Agents)
Article 123 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 124 (Idem)
CHAPTER IX CARRIAGE BUSINESS
Article 125 (Definition)
SECTION 1 Carriage of Goods
Article 126 (Waybills)
Article 127 (Liability for False Entries in Waybills)
Article 128 (Delivery of Bills of Lading)
Article 129 (Exchangeability of Bills of Lading)
Article 130 (Bills of Lading as Instrument to Order)
Article 131 (Legal Effects of Entries in Bills of Lading)
Article 132 (Bill of Lading-Disposition of Goods)
Article 133 (Bill of Lading-Property Rights' Legal Effects)
Article 134 (Loss of Goods and Freight Charges)
Article 135 (Liability for Damages)
Article 136 (Liability for Valuables)
Article 137 (Amount of Damages)
Article 138 (Joint and Several Liability and Right of Recourse of Successive Carriers)
Article 139 (Right to Demand Disposition of Goods)
Article 140 (Status of Consignees)
Article 141 (Duty of Consignees)
Article 142 (Right to Deposit or to Refer to Auction in Cases where Consignee is Unknown)
Article 143 (In Cases of Refusal to Receive Goods or where Receipt is Impossible)
Article 144 (Public Notification)
Article 145 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 146 (Statute of Limitations for Carriers' Liability)
Article 147 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 2 Carriage of Passengers
Article 148 (Liability for Damages to Passengers)
Article 149 (Liability for Luggage Delivered to Carriers)
Article 150 (Liability for Luggage not Delivered to Carriers)
CHAPTER X HOSPITALITY BUSINESS
Article 151 (Definition)
Article 152 (Liability of Hospitality Service Providers)
Article 153 (Liability for Valuables)
Article 154 (Statute of Limitations for Liability of Hospitality Service Providers)
CHAPTER XI WAREHOUSING
Article 155 (Definition)
Article 156 (Issuance of Warehouse Receipts)
Article 157 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 158 (Demand for Warehouse Receipt concerning Portion of Goods Divided)
Article 159 (Pledges by Warehouse Receipt and Removing Portion of Goods from Warehouse)
Article 160 (Liability for Damage)
Article 161 (Right of Inspection of Deposited Goods, Taking Samples and Disposition for Preservation)
Article 162 (Right to Demand Storage Charges for Storage)
Article 163 (Storage Periods)
Article 164 (Storage Period-Unavoidable Circumstances)
Article 165 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 166 (Statute of Limitations for Liability of Warehouse Business Entities)
Article 167 (Statute of Limitations for Claims of Warehouse Business Entities)
Article 168 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
CHAPTER XII FINANCIAL LEASE BUSINESS
Article 168-2 (Definition)
Article 168-3 (Duties of Financial Lease Business Entities and Financial Lessees)
Article 168-4 (Duties of Suppliers)
Article 168-5 (Cancellation of Financial Lease Agreements)
CHAPTER XIII FRANCHISE BUSINESS
Article 168-6 (Definition)
Article 168-7 (Duties of Franchisors)
Article 168-8 (Duties of Franchisees)
Article 168-9 (Transfer of Business by Franchisees)
Article 168-10 (Cancellation of Agreements)
CHAPTER XIV BONDS PURCHASING BUSINESS
Article 168-11 (Definition)
Article 168-12 (Claims for Redemption by Bonds Purchasing Business Entities)
PART III COMPANY
CHAPTER I COMMON PROVISIONS
Article 169 (Definition of Company)
Article 170 (Types of Companies)
Article 171 (Address of Company)
Article 172 (Incorporation of Company)
Article 173 (Restrictions on Legal Capacity)
Article 174 (Merger of Companies)
Article 175 (Idem-Incorporation Member)
Article 176 (Dissolution Order against Company)
Article 177 (Starting Point of Calculation of Registration Period)
CHAPTER II PARTNERSHIP COMPANY
SECTION 1 Incorporation
Article 178 (Drawing up of Articles of Incorporation)
Article 179 (Matters Absolutely Required to be Entered in Articles of Incorporation)
Article 180 (Registration for Incorporation)
Article 181 (Registration for Establishment of Branch Offices)
Article 182 (Registration of Transfer of Principal Office and Branch Offices)
Article 183 (Registration of Changes)
Article 183-2 (Registration of Temporary Disposition, etc. for Suspension of Business Management)
Article 184 (Lawsuits for Nullification or Revocation of Incorporation)
Article 185 (Lawsuits for Revocation of Incorporation by Creditors)
Article 186 (Exclusive Jurisdiction)
Article 187 (Public Notice of Filing of Lawsuits)
Article 188 (Combined Hearings of Lawsuits)
Article 189 (Correction of Defects and Dismissal of Lawsuits)
Article 190 (Legal Effects of Judgments)
Article 191 (Liability for Losing Plaintiffs)
Article 192 (Registration of Nullification or Revocation of Incorporation)
Article 193 (Effects of Judgment Confirming Nullification or Revocation of Incorporation)
Article 194 (Nullification or Revocation of Incorporation and Continuation of Company)
SECTION 2 Internal Relationship of Company
Article 195 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 196 (Investment Contributions via Credits)
Article 197 (Transfer of Equity Interest)
Article 198 (Prohibition of Competition by Members)
Article 199 (Self-Transactions of Members)
Article 200 (Rights and Obligations of Business Management)
Article 200-2 (Authority of Representatives)
Article 201 (Managing Members)
Article 202 (Joint Managing Members)
Article 203 (Appointment and Dismissal of Managers)
Article 204 (Amendment of Articles of Incorporation)
Article 205 (Adjudication on Forfeiture of Power against Managing Members)
Article 206 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 3 External Relationship of Company
Article 207 (Representative of Company)
Article 208 (Joint Representatives)
Article 209 (Authority of Representative Members)
Article 210 (Liability for Damage)
Article 211 (Representatives in Lawsuits between Company and Members)
Article 212 (Liability of Members)
Article 213 (Liability of New Members)
Article 214 (Defenses of Members)
Article 215 (Liability of Members by Estoppel)
Article 216 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 4 Withdrawal of Members
Article 217 (Members' Right to Withdraw from Company)
Article 218 (Reasons for Withdrawal of Members)
Article 219 (Notice of Succession to Rights at Death of Members)
Article 220 (Adjudication on Expulsion)
Article 221 (Settlement of Accounts between Expelled Members and Company)
Article 222 (Refund of Equity Interest)
Article 223 (Seizure on Equity Interest)
Article 224 (Requests for Withdrawal of Members by Creditors who Seized Members' Equity Interest)
Article 225 (Liability of Withdrawn Members)
Article 226 (Withdrawn Members' Right to Demand Change in Corporate Name)
SECTION 5 Dissolution of Company
Article 227 (Reasons for Dissolution)
Article 228 (Registration of Dissolution)
Article 229 (Continuation of Company)
Article 230 (Resolution for Merger)
Article 231 Deleted.
Article 232 (Objections by Creditors)
Article 233 (Registration of Merger)
Article 234 (Effectuation of Merger)
Article 235 (Legal Effects of Merger)
Article 236 (Filing of Lawsuit for Nullification of Merger)
Article 237 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 238 (Registration of Nullification of Merger)
Article 239 (Final Judgment of Nullification and Attribution of Rights and Obligations of Companies)
Article 240 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 241 (Requests for Dissolution by Members)
Article 242 (Organizational Change)
Article 243 (Registration of Organizational Change)
Article 244 (Liability of Persons who Have Become Limited Partners as a result of Organizational Change)
SECTION 6 Liquidation
Article 245 (Companies in Process of Liquidation)
Article 246 (In Cases where Several Successors of Equity Interest Exist)
Article 247 (Voluntary Liquidation)
Article 248 (Voluntary Liquidation and Protection of Creditors)
Article 249 (Protection of Creditors who have Seized Equity Interest)
Article 250 (Statutory Liquidation)
Article 251 (Liquidators)
Article 252 (Liquidators Appointed by Court)
Article 253 (Registration of Liquidators)
Article 254 (Duties and Powers of Liquidators)
Article 255 (Representation of Company by Liquidators)
Article 256 (Duties of Liquidators)
Article 257 (Transfer of Business)
Article 258 (Incapacity to Fully Repay Obligations and Requests for Investment)
Article 259 (Repayment of Obligations)
Article 260 (Distribution of Residual Property)
Article 261 (Removal of Liquidators)
Article 262 (Idem)
Article 263 (Completion of Duties of Liquidators)
Article 264 (Registration of Completion of Liquidation)
Article 265 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 266 (Preservation of Books and Documents)
Article 267 (Statute of Limitations for Members' Liability)
CHAPTER III LIMITED PARTNERSHIP COMPANY
Article 268 (Organization of Company)
Article 269 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 270 (Matters Absolutely Required to be Entered in Articles of Incorporation)
Article 271 (Matters Requiring Registration)
Article 272 (Investment by Limited Partners)
Article 273 (Rights and Obligations of Business Management)
Article 274 (Appointment and Dismissal of Managers)
Article 275 (Freedom of Competition for Limited Partners)
Article 276 (Transfer of Equity Interest of Limited Partners)
Article 277 (Right of Inspection of Limited Partners)
Article 278 (Prohibition of Management and Representation by Limited Partners)
Article 279 (Liability of Limited Partners)
Article 280 (Liability in Cases of Capital Investment Reduction)
Article 281 (Liability of General Partners by Estoppel)
Article 282 (Liability of Members whose Liability Has been Changed)
Article 283 (Death of Limited Partners)
Article 284 (Commencement of Adult Guardianship against Limited Partners)
Article 285 (Dissolution and Continuation of Company)
Article 286 (Organizational Change)
Article 287 (Liquidators)
CHAPTER III-2 LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANY
SECTION 1 Incorporation
Article 287-2 (Preparation of Articles of Incorporation)
Article 287-3 (Matters Required to be Entered in Articles of Incorporation)
Article 287-4 (Investment upon Incorporation)
Article 287-5 (Registration for Incorporation, etc.)
Article 287-6 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 2 Internal Relationship of Limited Liability
Article 287-7 (Liability of Members)
Article 287-8 (Transfer of Equity Interest)
Article 287-9 (Prohibition of Acquisition by Transfer of Equity Interest by Limited Liability Company)
Article 287-10 (Prohibition of Competition by Managers)
Article 287-11 (Transactions between Managers and Limited Liability Company)
Article 287-12 (Performance of Business Affairs)
Article 287-13 (Rights, etc. of Representative of Manager)
Article 287-14 (Rights to Inspection of Limited Partners)
Article 287-15 (Special Provisions in Cases Where Manager is Corporation)
Article 287-16 (Amendment to Articles of Incorporation)
Article 287-17 (Adjudication on Forfeiture of Power against Manager, etc.)
Article 287-18 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 3 External Relationship of Limited Liability Company
Article 287-19 (Representation of Limited Liability Company)
Article 287-20 (Liability for Damages)
Article 287-21 (Lawsuits between Limited Liability Company and Members)
Article 287-22 (Representative Lawsuits by Members)
SECTION 4 Admission and Withdrawal of Members
Article 287-23 (Admission of Members)
Article 287-24 (Members' Right to Withdraw from Company)
Article 287-25 (Reasons for Withdrawal of Members)
Article 287-26 (Notice of Succession to Rights upon Death of Member)
Article 287-27 (Adjudication on Expulsion)
Article 287-28 (Return of Equity Interest of Withdrawn Members)
Article 287-29 (Withdrawal of Members by Creditors who Seized Members' Equity Interest)
Article 287-30 (Refund of Equity Interest of Withdrawn Members and Creditors' Interests)
Article 287-31 (Withdrawn Members' Right to Demand Change in Corporate Name)
SECTION 5 Accounting, etc.
Article 287-32 (Accounting Principles)
Article 287-33 (Preparation and Retainment of Financial Statements)
Article 287-34 (Retaining and Disclosure of Financial Statements)
Article 287-35 (Capital Amount)
Article 287-36 (Reduction of Capital Amount)
Article 287-37 (Distribution of Surplus)
SECTION 6 Dissolution
Article 287-38 (Grounds for Dissolution)
Article 287-39 (Registration of Dissolution)
Article 287-40 (Continuation of Limited Liability Company)
Article 287-41 (Mergers of Limited Liability Companies)
Article 287-42 (Requests for Dissolution)
SECTION 7 Organizational Changes
Article 287-43 (Organizational Changes)
Article 287-44 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 8 Liquidation
Article 287-45 (Liquidation)
CHAPTER IV STOCK COMPANY
SECTION 1 Incorporation
Article 288 (Incorporators)
Article 289 (Preparation of Articles of Incorporation, Matters Absolutely Required to be Entered in Articles of Incorporation)
Article 290 (Particulars of Exceptional Incorporation)
Article 291 (Determination of Matters concerning Issuance of Shares at Time of Incorporation)
Article 292 (Effectuation of Articles of Incorporation)
Article 293 (Subscription to Shares by Incorporator)
Article 294 Deleted.
Article 295 (Payment of Subscription Price and Performance of Investment in Kind in Incorporation by Incorporators)
Article 296 (Appointment of Executive Officers in Incorporation by Incorporators)
Article 297 (Preparation of Minutes by Incorporators)
Article 298 (Investigations and Reporting by Directors and Auditors, and Requests for Appointment of Inspectors)
Article 299 (Investigation and Reporting by Inspectors)
Article 299-2 (Certification of Investments in Kind, etc.)
Article 300 (Disposition of Alteration by Court)
Article 301 (Invitation to Subscription in Cases of Incorporation by Subscription)
Article 302 (Application for Share Subscription and Matters Required to be Entered in Share Subscription Form)
Article 303 (Duties of Subscribers)
Article 304 (Notice or Peremptory Notice to Subscribers, etc.)
Article 305 (Payment of Subscription Price for Shares)
Article 306 (Change of Depository, etc. of Payment)
Article 307 (Procedures for Forfeiture of Subscriber's Rights)
Article 308 (Inaugural General Meetings)
Article 309 (Resolutions of Inaugural General Meetings)
Article 310 (Inspection in Cases of Exceptional Incorporation)
Article 311 (Reporting by Incorporators)
Article 312 (Appointment of Executive Officers)
Article 313 (Inspection and Reporting by Directors and Auditors)
Article 314 (Changes in Matters concerning Exceptional Incorporation)
Article 315 (Claims for Damages against Incorporators)
Article 316 (Resolutions for Amending Articles of Incorporation and Discontinuing Incorporation)
Article 317 (Registration for Incorporation)
Article 318 (Certification and Liability by Depository for Subscription Price Paid)
Article 319 (Transfer of Potential Shares)
Article 320 (Restrictions on Asserting Invalidation or Cancellation of Share Subscription)
Article 321 (Liability of Incorporators for Subscription and Security for Payment)
Article 322 (Liability of Incorporators for Damages)
Article 323 (Joint and Several Liability of Incorporators and Executive Officers)
Article 324 (Release of Incorporators from Liability and Representative Suits by Shareholders)
Article 325 (Liability of Inspectors for Damages)
Article 326 (Liability of Incorporators where Company Fails to Come into Existence)
Article 327 (Liability of Promoters)
Article 328 (Lawsuit for Invalidation of Incorporation)
SECTION 2 Shares
Sub-Section 1 Shares and Share Certificates
Article 329 (Formation of Capital)
Article 329-2 (Share Split)
Article 330 (Restrictions on Issuance of Shares below Par)
Article 331 (Liability of Shareholders)
Article 332 (Liability of Persons who Subscribed to Shares Using False Name or Another Person's Name)
Article 333 (Co-ownership of Shares)
Article 334 Deleted.
Article 335 (Transferability of Shares)
Article 335-2 (Requests for Approval of Transfers)
Article 335-3 (Requests for Designation of Alternative Transferee)
Article 335-4 (Requests for Sale by Designated Transferee)
Article 335-5 (Determination of Sale Price)
Article 335-6 (Request for Purchase by Shareholders)
Article 335-7 (Request for Approval by Transferee of Shares)
Article 336 (Methods of Transfer of Shares)
Article 337 (Requirements to Assert Effect of Transfer of Shares)
Article 338 (Pledging of Shares)
Article 339 (Subrogation of Pledge)
Article 340 (Registered Pledge of Shares)
Article 340-2 (Stock Option)
Article 340-3 (Granting Stock Option)
Article 340-4 (Exercise of Stock Option)
Article 340-5 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 341 (Acquisition of Treasury Shares)
Article 341-2 (Acquisition of Treasury Shares for Particular Purposes)
Article 341-3 (Creation of Pledges on Treasury Shares)
Article 342 (Disposal of Treasury Shares)
Article 342-2 (Acquisition of Parent Company's Shares by Subsidiary Company)
Article 342-3 (Acquisition of Another Company's Shares)
Article 343 (Retirement of Shares)
Article 343-2 Deleted.
Article 344 (Different Classes of Shares)
Article 344-2 (Different Classes of Shares concerning Profit Dividends, Distribution of Surplus Assets)
Article 344-3 (Different Classes of Shares concerning Exclusion/Limit of Voting Rights)
Article 345 (Different Classes of Shares concerning Redemption of Shares)
Article 346 (Different Classes of Shares concerning Conversion of Shares)
Article 347 (Procedures for Issuance of Convertible Shares)
Article 348 (Issuance Price of Shares to be Issued as a result of Conversion)
Article 349 (Request for Conversion)
Article 350 (Effectuation of Conversion)
Article 351 (Registration of Conversion)
Article 352 (Matters to Be Entered in Register of Shareholders)
Article 352-2 (Electronic Register of Shareholders)
Article 353 (Legal Effects of Register of Shareholders)
Article 354 (Closure of Register of Shareholders and Record Date)
Article 355 (Timing for Issuing Share Certificates)
Article 356 (Matters Required to Be Entered in Share Certificates)
Article 356-2 (Electronic Registration of Shares)
Articles 357 and 358 Deleted.
Article 358-2 (Non-Possession of Share Certificates)
Article 359 (Bona Fide Acquisition of Share Certificates)
Article 360 (Judgment of Nullification and Re-issuance of Share Certificates)
Sub-Section 2 All-Inclusive Share Swap
Article 360-2 (Incorporation of Wholly Owning Parent Company by All-inclusive Share Swap)
Article 360-3 (Preparation of Contracts for Share Swap and Approval from General Meeting of Shareholders, and Special Rules in Cases Where Consideration for Share Swap is Shares of Parent Company)
Article 360-4 (Disclosure of Share Swap Agreements)
Article 360-5 (Appraisal Rights of Dissenting Shareholders)
Article 360-6 Deleted.
Article 360-7 (Limit of Capital Increase by Wholly Owning Parent Company)
Article 360-8 (Procedures for Invalidation of Share Certificates)
Article 360-9 (Simplified Share Swaps)
Article 360-10 (Small-Scale Share Swaps)
Article 360-11 (Mutatis Mutandis Application of Regulations for Fractional Shares, etc.)
Article 360-12 (Disclosure of Documents Stating Matters on Share Swap after Share Swap)
Article 360-13 (Term of Office of Directors and Auditors of Wholly Owning Parent Companies)
Article 360-14 (Lawsuit for Invalidation of Share Swap)
Sub-Section 3 All-Inclusive Transfer of Shares
Article 360-15 (Establishment of Wholly Owning Parent Company Based on All-inclusive Share Transfer)
Article 360-16 (Approval for Share Transfer by General Meeting of Shareholders)
Article 360-17 (Disclosure of Documents Such as Plans for Share Transfer, etc.)
Article 360-18 (Maximum Amount of Equity Capital of Wholly Owning Parent Company)
Article 360-19 (Procedures for Invalidation of Share Certificates)
Article 360-20 (Registration after Share Transfer)
Article 360-21 (Effective Date of Share Transfer)
Article 360-22 (Mutatis Mutandis Application of Provisions on Share Transfer)
Article 360-23 (Lawsuit for Invalidation of Share Transfer)
Sub-Section 4 Controlling Shareholders' Acquisition of All Shares Owned by Minority Shareholders
Article 360-24 (Controlling Shareholders' Rights to Request Sale)
Article 360-25 (Appraisal Rights of Minority Shareholders)
Article 360-26 (Transfer of Shares, etc.)
SECTION 3 Organs of Company
Sub-Section 1 General Meeting of Shareholders
Article 361 (Authority of General Meeting of Shareholders)
Article 362 (Decision of Convocation)
Article 363 (Notice of Convocation)
Article 363-2 (Shareholders' Rights to Make Proposals)
Article 364 (Place for Convocation)
Article 365 (Convocation of General Meetings)
Article 366 (Requests for Convocation by Minority Shareholders)
Article 366-2 (Maintenance of Order at General Meetings of Shareholders)
Article 367 (Appointment of Inspectors)
Article 368 (Methods of Adopting Resolutions and Exercise of Voting Rights)
Article 368-2 (Exercise of Voting Rights in Disunity)
Article 368-3 (Exercise of Voting Rights in Writing)
Article 368-4 (Exercise of Voting Rights by Electronic Means)
Article 369 (Voting Rights)
Article 370 Deleted.
Article 371 (Computation of Quorum and Number of Votes)
Article 372 (Resolution to Adjourn or Continue General Meeting of Shareholders)
Article 373 (Minutes of General Meeting)
Article 374 (Transfer, Takeover or Lease of Business)
Article 374-2 (Appraisal Rights of Dissenting Shareholders)
Article 374-3 (Simplified Transfer, Acquisition, Lease, etc. of Business)
Article 375 (Post-Formation Acquisition)
Article 376 (Lawsuit for Revocation of Resolutions)
Article 377 (Duty to Provide Security of Shareholder Filing Lawsuit)
Article 378 (Registration of Revocation of Resolutions)
Article 379 (Court’s Dismissal of Claims at Discretion)
Article 380 (Lawsuit Seeking Confirmation of Non-validity or Non-existence of Resolution)
Article 381 (Lawsuit Seeking Revocation or Alteration of Improper Resolution)
Sub-Section 2 Directors and Board of Directors
Article 382 (Appointment of Directors, Relationship with Company and Outside Directors)
Article 382-2 (Cumulative Voting)
Article 382-3 (Duty of Loyalty by Directors)
Article 382-4 (Directors’ Duty of Confidentiality)
Article 383 (Number, Term of Office)
Article 384 Deleted.
Article 385 (Removal)
Article 386 (Vacancies)
Article 387 (Qualification Shares)
Article 388 (Remuneration for Directors)
Article 389 (Representative Director)
Article 390 (Convocation of Board of Directors' Meetings)
Article 391 (Methods of Resolution by Board of Directors)
Article 391-2 (Auditor's Power to Attend Board of Directors’ Meeting and State Opinions)
Article 391-3 (Minutes of Board of Directors' Meeting)
Article 392 (Postponement and Continuation of Board of Directors’ Meeting)
Article 393 (Authority of Board of Directors)
Article 393-2 (Committees within Board of Directors)
Article 394 (Representatives in Lawsuits between Company and Directors)
Article 395 (Acts of Apparent Representative Directors and Liability of Company)
Article 396 (Obligation to Retain and Disclose Articles of Incorporation, etc.)
Article 397 (Prohibition of Competition)
Article 397-2 (Prohibition of Appropriation of Company's Opportunities and Assets)
Article 398 (Transactions between Directors, etc. and Company)
Article 399 (Liability to Company)
Article 400 (Release of Liability to Company)
Article 401 (Liability to Third Parties)
Article 401-2 (Liability of Person who Instructs Another Person to Conduct Business, etc.)
Article 402 (Rights to Injunction)
Article 403 (Representative Suits by Shareholders)
Article 404 (Representative Suits and Intervention, and Notice of Lawsuits)
Article 405 (Rights and Obligations of Shareholders Filing Lawsuits)
Article 406 (Representative Suits and Lawsuits for Retrial)
Article 407 (Suspension of Performance of Duties and Appointment of Acting Directors)
Article 408 (Powers of Acting Directors)
Article 408-2 (Companies with Executive Directors, Relationships between Executive Directors and Companies)
Article 408-3 (Term of Office of Executive Directors)
Article 408-4 (Powers of Executive Directors)
Article 408-5 (Representative Executive Directors)
Article 408-6 (Executive Directors' Reports to Board of Directors)
Article 408-7 (Executive Directors' Request for Convening of Meetings of Board of Directors)
Article 408-8 (Liability of Executive Directors)
Article 408-9 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Sub-Section 3 Auditors and Audit Committee
Article 409 (Appointment)
Article 409-2 (Right to State Opinions in Removal of Auditors)
Article 410 (Term of Office)
Article 411 (Prohibition of Concurrent Holding of Offices)
Article 412 (Auditors' Duties and Power to Demand Reporting and to Inspect)
Article 412-2 (Directors' Duty of Reporting)
Article 412-3 (Requests for Convening General Meetings)
Article 412-4 (Auditors' Request for Convening Board of Directors' Meetings)
Article 412-5 (Power to Inspect Subsidiary Company)
Article 413 (Duty to Examine and Report)
Article 413-2 (Preparation of Audit Records)
Article 414 (Liability of Auditors)
Article 415 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 415-2 (Audit Committee)
SECTION 4 Issuance of New Shares
Article 416 (Determination of Particulars for Issuance)
Article 417 (Issuance of Shares at Price below Par)
Article 418 (Terms of Preemptive Rights, Designation and Public Notice of Record Date for Allotment)
Article 419 (Peremptory Notice to Holders of Preemptive Rights)
Article 420 (Share Subscription Forms)
Article 420-2 (Issuance of Certificates of Preemptive Rights)
Article 420-3 (Transfer of Preemptive Rights)
Article 420-4 (Electronic Registration of Preemptive Rights)
Article 420-5 (Applications for Subscription by Certificates of Preemptive Rights)
Article 421 (Payment for New Shares)
Article 422 (Inspection of Investment in Kind)
Article 423 (Date of Becoming Shareholders and Effects of Failing to Make Payment)
Article 424 (Rights to Injunction)
Article 424-2 (Liability of Persons who have Subscribed to Shares at Unfair Prices)
Article 425 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 426 (Registration of Unamortized Amounts)
Article 427 (Limitation on Assertion of Nullification or Revocation of Subscriptions)
Article 428 (Directors' Liability to Secure Subscription)
Article 429 (Lawsuits for Nullification of Issuance of New Shares)
Article 430 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 431 (Effects of Judgments Nullifying Issuance of New Shares)
Article 432 (Judgments of Nullification and Refunds to Shareholders)
SECTION 5 Amendments to Articles of Incorporation
Article 433 (Method of Amending Articles of Incorporation)
Article 434 (Special Resolutions for Amending Articles of Incorporation)
Article 435 (General Meeting of Shareholders of Certain Classes of Shares)
Article 436 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 437 Deleted.
SECTION 6 Reduction of Capital
Article 438 (Resolutions for Reduction of Capital)
Article 439 (Methods of Reduction of Capital, and Procedures therefor)
Article 440 (Procedures for Consolidation of Shares)
Article 441 (Idem-Procedures for Consolidation of Shares)
Article 442 (Issuance of New Share Certificates)
Article 443 (Disposal of Fractional Shares)
Article 444 Deleted.
Article 445 (Lawsuits to Nullify Reduction of Capital)
Article 446 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 7 Accounting of Company
Article 446-2 (Accounting Principles)
Article 447 (Preparation of Financial Statements)
Article 447-2 (Preparation of Business Reports)
Article 447-3 (Submission of Financial Statements)
Article 447-4 (Audit Reports)
Article 448 (Retaining and Disclosure of Financial Statements, etc.)
Article 449 (Approval for and Public Notice of Financial Statements, etc.)
Article 449-2 (Special Provisions Concerning Approval for Financial Statements, etc.)
Article 450 (Discharge of Directors and Auditors from Liability)
Article 451 (Capital)
Articles 452 through 457-2 Deleted.
Article 458 (Earned Surplus Reserves)
Article 459 (Capital Reserves)
Article 460 (Use of Statutory Reserves)
Article 461 (Capitalization of Reserves)
Article 461-2 (Decrease of Reserves)
Article 462 (Dividends)
Article 462-2 (Stock Dividends)
Article 462-3 (Interim Dividends)
Article 462-4 (Dividends in Kind)
Article 463 Deleted.
Article 464 (Standards for Distribution of Profits)
Article 464-2 (Date of Payment of Dividends)
Article 465 Deleted.
Article 466 (Shareholder's Right to Inspect Books of Account)
Article 467 (Inspection of Affairs and Status of Company's Assets)
Article 467-2 (Prohibition of Granting Pecuniary Benefits)
Article 468 (Employees' Rights to Preferential Payment)
SECTION 8 Bonds
Sub-Section 1 Common Provisions
Article 469 (Bond Offering)
Articles 470 through 473 Deleted.
Article 474 (Public Offering and Bond Subscription Forms)
Article 475 (Method of Firm Committment Underwriting)
Article 476 (Payment)
Article 477 Deleted.
Article 478 (Issuance of Bond Certificates)
Article 479 (Transfer of Registered Bonds)
Article 480 (Exchange between Registered Certificates and Bearer Certificates)
Article 480-2 (Designation and Entrustment of Bond Administration Companies)
Article 480-3 (Eligibility as Bond Administration Companies)
Article 481 (Resignation of Bond Administration Companies)
Article 482 (Removal of Bond Administration Companies)
Article 483 (Successors to Affairs of Bond Administration Companies)
Article 484 (Power of Bond Administration Companies)
Article 484-2 (Duties and Obligations of Bond Administration Companies)
Article 485 (Powers and Duties in Cases of Two or More Bond Administration Companies)
Article 486 (Defects in Coupons)
Article 487 (Statute of Limitations for Rights to Claim Redemption)
Article 488 (Bond Registers)
Article 489 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Sub-Section 2 Meetings of Bondholders
Article 490 (Matters Requiring Resolutions)
Article 491 (Persons Authorized to Convene)
Article 491-2 (Notice and Public Notice of Convocation)
Article 492 (Voting Rights)
Article 493 (Attendance, etc. of Representatives of Bond-issuer or Bond Administration Company)
Article 494 (Right to Request Issuer Company to Cause its Representative to Attend)
Article 495 (Methods of Resolutions)
Article 496 (Requests for Authorization of Resolutions)
Article 497 (Grounds for Non-Authorization of Resolutions)
Article 498 (Effects of Resolutions)
Article 499 (Public Notice of Authorization or Non-Authorization of Resolutions)
Article 500 (Representatives of Meetings of Bondholders)
Article 501 (Implementation of Resolutions)
Article 502 (Two or More Representatives of Meetings or Executors of Resolutions)
Article 503 (Implementation of Resolutions relating to Redemption)
Article 504 (Removal, etc. of Representatives of Meetings or Implementers of Resolutions)
Articles 505 and 506 Deleted.
Article 507 (Remuneration and Expenses for Bond Administration Company, etc.)
Article 508 (Expenses relating to Meetings of Bondholders)
Article 509 (Meetings of Certain Classes of Bondholders)
Article 510 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 511 (Lawsuit for Revocation by Bond Administration Company)
Article 512 (Lawsuit for Revocation by Representatives, etc.)
Sub-Section 3 Convertible Bonds
Article 513 (Issuance of Convertible Bonds)
Article 513-2 (Rights of Shareholders Entitled to Subscribe to Convertible Bonds)
Article 513-3 (Peremptory Notice to Shareholders with Right to Subscribe to Convertible Bonds)
Article 514 (Procedures for Issuance of Convertible Bonds)
Article 514-2 (Registration of Convertible Bonds)
Article 515 (Request for Conversion)
Article 516 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Sub-Section 4 Bonds with Warrants
Article 516-2 (Issuance of Bonds with Warrants)
Article 516-3 (Peremptory Notice to Shareholders with Right to Subscribe to Bonds with Warrants)
Article 516-4 (Particulars to be Entered in Bond Subscription Forms, Bond Certificates and Bond Register)
Article 516-5 (Issuance of Warrant Certificates)
Article 516-6 (Transfer of Preemptive Rights to New Stocks)
Article 516-7 (Electronic Registration of Bonds with Warrants)
Article 516-8 (Registration of Bonds with Warrants)
Article 516-9 (Exercise of Preemptive Rights to New Stocks)
Article 516-10 (Date of Becoming Shareholders)
Article 516-11 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 9 Dissolution
Article 517 (Grounds for Dissolution)
Article 518 (Resolution for Dissolution)
Article 519 (Continuation of Company)
Article 520 (Judgment of Dissolution)
Article 520-2 (Dissolution of Dormant Company)
Article 521 (Notice and Public Notice of Dissolution)
Article 521-2 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 10 Merger
Article 522 (Merger Agreement and Resolution to Approve Merger Agreement)
Article 522-2 (Public Announcement of Merger Agreement, etc.)
Article 522-3 (Appraisal Rights of Shareholders Opposing Merger)
Article 523 (Merger Agreement in case of Merger)
Article 523-2 (Special Provisions where Consideration for Merger is Parent Company's Stocks)
Article 524 (Merger Agreement in case of Consolidation)
Article 525 (Merger Agreement in case of Unlimited Partnership Company or Limited Partnership Company)
Article 526 (General Meetings of Shareholders for Reporting in Cases of Merger)
Article 527 (Inaugural General Meetings in Cases of Consolidation)
Article 527-2 (Simplified Merger)
Article 527-3 (Small-Scale Merger)
Article 527-4 (Terms of Office of Directors and Auditors)
Article 527-5 (Procedures for Protection of Creditors)
Article 527-6 (Ex Post Disclosure of Documents on Merger)
Article 528 (Registration of Merger)
Article 529 (Lawsuits for Nullification of Merger)
Article 530 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 11 Division of Company
Article 530-2 (Division and Merger after Division of Company)
Article 530-3 (Approval for Division Plan and Agreement for Merger after Division)
Article 530-4 (Incorporation of Company by Division)
Article 530-5 (Entries in Division Plans)
Article 530-6 (Entries in Merger Agreement after Division and Special Provisions where Consideration for Merger after Division is Shares of Parent Company)
Article 530-7 (Disclosure of Division Balance Sheets, etc.)
Article 530-8 Deleted.
Article 530-9 (Responsibility of Company after Division or Merger after Division)
Article 530-10 (Consequential Effect of Division or Merger after Division)
Article 530-11 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 530-12 (Physical Division)
SECTION 12 Liquidation
Article 531 (Appointment of Liquidators)
Article 532 (Liquidators' Reports)
Article 533 (Liquidators' Duty to Investigate Company's Assets and to Report)
Article 534 (Submission, Audit, Disclosure, and Approval of Balance Sheets, Business Reports, and Supplementary Statements)
Article 535 (Peremptory Notice to Creditors)
Article 536 (Repayment Within Period for Presenting Claims)
Article 537 (Repayment to Excluded Creditors)
Article 538 (Distribution of Surplus Assets)
Article 539 (Removal of Liquidators)
Article 540 (Completion of Liquidation)
Article 541 (Document Retention)
Article 542 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 13 Special Cases for Listed Companies
Article 542-2 (Scope of Application)
Article 542-3 (Stock Options)
Article 542-4 (Public Notification of Convocation of General Meetings of Shareholders)
Article 542-5 (Methods of Appointment of Directors or Auditors)
Article 542-6 (Minority Shareholders' Rights)
Article 542-7 (Special Cases concerning Cumulative Voting)
Article 542-8 (Appointment of Outside Directors)
Article 542-9 (Transactions with Interested Persons Including Major Shareholders)
Article 542-10 (Full-time Auditors)
Article 542-11 (Audit Committees)
Article 542-12 (Composition, etc. of Audit Committees)
Article 542-13 (Compliance Guidelines and Compliance Officers)
CHAPTER V LIMITED COMPANY
SECTION 1 Incorporation
Article 543 (Preparation of Articles of Incorporation and Matters Absolutely Required to be Entered Therein)
Article 544 (Matters relating to Irregular Incorporation)
Article 545 Deleted.
Article 546 (Limits on Amounts of One Unit of Investment)
Article 547 (Appointment of First Directors)
Article 548 (Payment for Investment)
Article 549 (Registration for Incorporation)
Article 550 (Liability of Members at the time of Incorporation concerning Investments in Kind, etc.)
Article 551 (Liability of Members at the time of Incorporation concerning Unpaid Amount of Investments)
Article 552 (Lawsuits Seeking Nullification or Revocation of Incorporation)
SECTION 2 Rights and Obligations of Members
Article 553 (Liability of Members)
Article 554 (Equity Interest of Members)
Article 555 (Instruments of Equity Interest)
Article 556 (Transfer of Equity Interest)
Article 557 (Requirements for Asserting Transfer of Equity Interest against Company and Third Parties)
Article 558 (Common Ownership of Equity Interest)
Article 559 (Pledging of Equity Interests)
Article 560 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 3 Management of Company
Article 561 (Directors)
Article 562 (Representation of Company)
Article 563 (Representatives in Lawsuits between Directors and Company)
Article 564 (Determination on Management of Business, Transactions between Directors and Company)
Article 564-2 (Rights to Injunction)
Article 565 (Representative Suits by Members)
Article 566 (Retention and Inspection of Documents)
Article 567 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 568 (Auditors)
Article 569 (Auditor's Authority)
Article 570 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 571 (Convocation of General Meetings of Members)
Article 572 (Requests for Convocation of General Meetings by Minority Members)
Article 573 (Omission of Convocation Procedures)
Article 574 (Quorum of General Meetings and Methods of Resolution)
Article 575 (Members' Rights to Vote)
Article 576 (Matters Requiring Special Resolution for Transfer of Business, etc. of Limited Company)
Article 577 (Resolutions in Writing)
Article 578 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 579 (Preparation of Financial Statements)
Article 579-2 (Preparation of Business Reports)
Article 579-3 (Retention and Disclosure of Financial Statements, etc.)
Article 580 (Standards for Profits Dividends)
Article 581 (Members' Right to Inspect Books of Account)
Article 582 (Inspection of Business Affairs and Status of Assets)
Article 583 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 4 Amendments to Articles of Incorporation
Article 584 (Methods of Amendments to Articles of Incorporation)
Article 585 (Special Resolutions on Amendments to Articles of Incorporation)
Article 586 (Resolutions on Capital Increase)
Article 587 (Granting of Preemptive Rights in Cases of Capital Increase)
Article 588 (Members' Preemptive Rights to Capital Investment)
Article 589 (Methods of Subscription to Capital Investment)
Article 590 (Status of New Subscribers of Investments)
Article 591 (Registration of Capital Increase)
Article 592 (Effectuation of Capital Increase)
Article 593 (Members' Liabilities concerning Investments in Kind, etc.)
Article 594 (Liability of Directors, etc. concerning Unsubscribed Capital Investments, etc.)
Article 595 (Lawsuits to Nullify Capital Increase)
Article 596 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 597 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 5 Mergers and Organizational Changes
Article 598 (Methods for Mergers)
Article 599 (Appointment of Members of Organizing Committee)
Article 600 (Merger of Limited Company and Stock Company)
Article 601 (Real Subrogation)
Article 602 (Registration of Merger)
Article 603 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 604 (Organizational Change of Stock Company to Limited Company)
Article 605 (Liability of Directors and Shareholders for Shortage in Value of Net Assets)
Article 606 (Registration of Organizational Change)
Article 607 (Organizational Change of Limited Company to Stock Company)
Article 608 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 6 Dissolution and Liquidation
Article 609 (Grounds for Dissolution)
Article 610 (Continuation of Company)
Article 611 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 612 (Distribution of Surplus Assets)
Article 613 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
CHAPTER VI FOREIGN COMPANY
Article 614 (Appointment of Representatives, Establishment of Business Offices and Registrations thereof)
Article 615 (Starting Point of Reckoning of Registration Period)
Article 616 (Prohibition of Conducting Continuous Transactions before Registration)
Article 616-2 (Public Notification of Balance Sheets or its Equivalent)
Article 617 (Similar Foreign Company)
Article 618 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 619 (Order to Close Business Offices)
Article 620 (Liquidation of Assets Existing in Republic of Korea)
Article 621 (Status of Foreign Company)
CHAPTER VII PENALTY PROVISIONS
Article 622 (Crimes of Special Misappropriation by Incorporators, Directors, and Other Executive Officers, etc.)
Article 623 (Crimes of Special Misappropriation by Representative, etc. of Meetings of Bondholders)
Article 624 (Attempted Crimes of Special Misappropriation)
Article 624-2 (Crimes of Violating Provisions concerning Transactions with Interested Persons Including Major Shareholders)
Article 625 (Crimes of Endangering Company's Assets)
Article 625-2 (Crimes of Violating Share Acquisition Restrictions, etc.)
Article 626 (Crimes of False Reporting)
Article 627 (Crimes of Using Documents Containing Misstatements)
Article 628 (Crimes of Disguised Payment)
Article 629 (Crimes of Excessive Issuance)
Article 630 (Crimes of Corruption in Office by Incorporators, Directors or Other Executive Officers)
Article 631 (Crimes of Bribery in Relation to Disturbing Exercise of Rights, etc.)
Article 632 (Concurrent Imposition of Imprisonment with Labor and Fines)
Article 633 (Confiscation and Additional Collection)
Article 634 (Crimes of Evading Liability for Payment on Shares)
Article 634-2 (Crimes of Granting Benefits in Connection with Exercise of Shareholder's Rights)
Article 634-3 (Joint Penalty Provisions)
Article 635 (Acts Subject to Administrative Fines)
Article 636 (Business, etc. in Name of Company prior to its Registration)
Article 637 (Application of Penalty Provisions to Juristic Person)
Article 637-2 (Imposition and Collection of Administrative Fines)
PART IV INSURANCE
CHAPTER I COMMON PROVISIONS
Article 638 (Effect of Insurance Contracts)
Article 638-2 (Effectuation of Insurance Contracts)
Article 638-3 (Duty to Issue and Explain Terms and Conditions of Insurance Contract)
Article 639 (Insurance for Benefits of Third Party)
Article 640 (Delivery of Insurance Policy)
Article 641 (Legal Effects of Terms and Conditions of Objection in Respect of Insurance Policy)
Article 642 (Demand for Re-issuance of Insurance Policy)
Article 643 (Retroactive Insurance)
Article 644 (Legal Effects of Preexisting Perils Insured against)
Article 645 Deleted.
Article 646 (Legal Effects of Facts Known to Agents)
Article 646-2 (Power of Insurance Agents, etc.)
Article 647 (Requests for Reduction of Premium upon Cessation of Certain Risks)
Article 648 (Requests for Return of Premiums upon Nullification of Insurance Contracts)
Article 649 (Voluntary Termination of Contracts Prior to Occurrence of Perils Insured against)
Article 650 (Effects of Payment and Delay in Payment of Premiums)
Article 650-2 (Reinstatement of Insurance Contracts)
Article 651 (Termination of Contracts due to Breach of Duty of Disclosure)
Article 651-2 (Effects of Questions in Writing)
Article 652 (Notice of Alteration or Increase in Risks and Termination of Contracts)
Article 653 (Increases in Risks Due to Bad Faith or Gross Negligence of Policyholders, etc. and Termination of Contracts)
Article 654 (Adjudication of Insurer's Bankruptcy and Termination of Contracts)
Article 655 (Termination of Contracts and Claims to Insured Amount)
Article 656 (Payment of Premiums and Commencement of Liability of Insurers)
Article 657 (Duty to Notify Occurrence of Perils Insured against)
Article 658 (Payment of Insured Amount)
Article 659 (Grounds for Exclusion of Liability)
Article 660 (Exclusion of Liability due to Risks of War, etc.)
Article 661 (Reinsurance)
Article 662 (Statute of Limitations)
Article 663 (Prohibition of Change of Provisions to Disadvantage of Policyholders, etc.)
Article 664 (Application Mutatis Mutandis to Mutual Insurance, Mutual Aid, etc.)
CHAPTER II NON-LIFE INSURANCE
SECTION 1 Common Provisions
Article 665 (Liability of Non-Life Insurers)
Article 666 (Non-Life Insurance Policy)
Article 667 (Non-Inclusion of Lost Profits, etc.)
Article 668 (Subject Matter of Insurance Contracts)
Article 669 (Over-Insurance)
Article 670 (Valued Policy)
Article 671 (Unvalued Policy)
Article 672 (Double Insurance)
Article 673 (Double Insurance and Waiver of Rights against One Insurer)
Article 674 (Partial Insurance)
Article 675 (Liability for Compensation in Cases of Destruction of Subject Matter after Occurrence of Perils Insured against)
Article 676 (Basis for Determining Amount of Losses)
Article 677 (Deduction of Unpaid Premiums from Compensation Amount)
Article 678 (Grounds for Exclusion of Insurer’s Liability)
Article 679 (Transfer of Subject Matter Insured)
Article 680 (Duty to Prevent Loss)
Article 681 (Subrogation by Insurer concerning Subject Matter Insured)
Article 682 (Subrogation by Insurer against Third Parties)
SECTION 2 Fire Insurance
Article 683 (Liability of Fire Insurers)
Article 684 (Compensation for Losses Due to Fire Extinguishment, etc.)
Article 685 (Fire Insurance Policy)
Article 686 (Subject Matter of Aggregate Goods Insurance)
Article 687 (Idem)
SECTION 3 Transportation Insurance
Article 688 (Liability of Transportation Insurers)
Article 689 (Insurable Value of Transportation Insurance)
Article 690 (Transportation Insurance Policy)
Article 691 (Transportation Suspension or Alteration and Legal Effects of Contracts)
Article 692 (Bad Faith or Gross Negligence of Transportation Assistant and Insurer's Non-liability)
SECTION 4 Marine Insurance
Article 693 (Liability of Marine Insurers)
Article 694 (Compensation for General Average Contributions)
Article 694-2 (Compensation for Salvage Charge)
Article 694-3 (Compensation for Special Expenses)
Article 695 (Marine Insurance Policy)
Article 696 (Insurable Value and Subject Matter of Ship Insurance)
Article 697 (Insurable Value of Cargo Insurance)
Article 698 (Insurable Value of Prospective Profit Insurance)
Article 699 (Commencement of Cover Period of Marine Insurance)
Article 700 (Termination of Cover Period of Marine Insurance)
Article 701 (Legal Effects of Change of Voyage)
Article 701-2 (Deviation from Course)
Article 702 (Legal Effects of Delay in Departure or Voyage)
Article 703 (Legal Effects of Change of Ships)
Article 703-2 (Legal Effects of Transfer, etc. of Ships)
Article 704 (Floating Cargo Insurance of Undetermined Ships)
Article 705 Deleted.
Article 706 (Grounds for Exclusion of Marine Insurers’s Liability)
Article 707 Deleted.
Article 707-2 (Compensation for Partial Loss of Ships)
Article 708 (Compensation for Partial Damage to Cargo)
Article 709 (Compensation for Losses due to Sale of Cargo)
Article 710 (Causes for Abandonment)
Article 711 (Missing Ships)
Article 712 (Continued Carriage of Cargo by Transshipment and Extinction of Right of Abandonment)
Article 713 (Notice of Abandonment)
Article 714 (Requirements for Exercise of Right of Abandonment)
Article 715 (Notice of Other Insurance Contracts, etc.)
Article 716 (Approval of Abandonment)
Article 717 (Refusal of Abandonment)
Article 718 (Legal Effects of Abandonment)
SECTION 5 Liability Insurance
Article 719 (Liability of Liability Insurers)
Article 720 (Bearing Expenses Defrayed by Insured to Defend Him/Herself)
Article 721 (Subject Matter of Business Liability Insurance)
Article 722 (Duty of the Insured to Notify a Claim for Compensation Filed)
Article 723 (Notice of Repayment, etc. by Insured and Payment of Insured Amount)
Article 724 (Relations between Insurers and Third Parties)
Article 725 (Liability Insurance of Custodians)
Article 725-2 (Several Liability Insurance)
Article 726 (Application Mutatis Mutandis to Reinsurance)
SECTION 6 Automobile Insurance
Article 726-2 (Liability of Automobile Insurers)
Article 726-3 (Automobile Insurance Policy)
Article 726-4 (Transfer of Automobiles)
SECTION 7 Guarantee Insurance
Article 726-5 (Responsibility of Guarantee Insurer)
Article 726-6 (Exclusion from Application)
Article 726-7 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
CHAPTER III PERSONAL INSURANCE
SECTION 1 Common Provisions
Article 727 (Responsibility of Insurers of Personal Insurance)
Article 728 (Personal Insurance Policy)
Article 729 (Prohibition of Subrogation by Insurer against Third Parties)
SECTION 2 Life Insurance
Article 730 (Responsibility of Life Insurers)
Article 731 (Third-Party Life Insurance)
Article 732 (Prohibition of Insurance Contracts for Persons under 15 Years of Age, etc.)
Article 732-2 (Perils Caused by Gross Negligence)
Article 733 (Right to Designate or Change Beneficiary)
Article 734 (Notification of Right to Designate Beneficiary of Insurance, etc.)
Articles 735 and 735-2 Deleted.
Article 735-3 (Group Insurance)
Article 736 (Duty to Return Premium Reserve, etc.)
SECTION 3 Accident Insurance
Article 737 (Liability of Accident Insurers)
Article 738 (Accident Insurance Policy)
Article 739 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 4 Sickness Insurance
Article 739-2 (Responsibility of Insurer of Sickness Insurance)
Article 739-3 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis to Sickness Insurance)
PART V MARINE COMMERCE
CHAPTER I MARINE COMMERCIAL ENTERPRISE
SECTION 1 Ship
Article 740 (Definition of Ship)
Article 741 (Scope of Application)
Article 742 (Accessories of Ship)
Article 743 (Transfer of Ownership of Ship)
Article 744 (Seizure or Provisional Seizure of Ship)
SECTION 2 Shipmaster
Article 745 (Appointment or Dismissal of Shipmaster)
Article 746 (Claims for Damages against Unjustifiable Dismissal of Shipmaster)
Article 747 (Obligations of Shipmaster for Continuous Performance of Duties)
Article 748 (Shipmaster's Authority of and Responsibility for Appointment of Acting Shipmaster)
Article 749 (Scope of Agency Right)
Article 750 (Authority for Special Acts)
Article 751 (Restriction on Agency Right)
Article 752 (Disposal of Cargo for Interested Parties)
Article 753 (Right to Auction Ships)
Article 754 (Irreparability of Ships)
Article 755 (Duty to Report and Account)
SECTION 3 Co-ownership of Ships
Article 756 (Determination of Affairs by Co-owners of Ships)
Article 757 (Co-ownership of Ships and Share of Expenses)
Article 758 (Apportionments of Profits and Losses)
Article 759 (Transfer of Apportionments)
Article 760 (Loss of Nationality of Co-owned Ships and Purchase of Apportionments or Requests for Auction)
Article 761 (Claims for Purchase of Apportionments of Opponents to Resolution)
Article 762 (Claims for Purchase of Apportionment of Dismissed Shipmaster)
Article 763 (Transfer of Ships, etc. on Voyage)
Article 764 (Appointment and Registration of Administrators of Ships)
Article 765 (Authority of Administrators of Ships)
Article 766 (Restriction on Authority of Administrators of Ships)
Article 767 (Writing on and Keeping of Logbooks)
Article 768 (Reporting by Administrators of Ships and Approval Thereof)
SECTION 4 Limits on Liability of Shipowners, etc.
Article 769 (Limited Liability of Shipowners)
Article 770 (Limits on Liability)
Article 771 (Deduction of Opposing Claim Amount due to Same Accidents)
Article 772 (Tonnage of Ships for Purpose of Limiting Liability)
Article 773 (Exclusion of Limited Liability)
Article 774 (Scope of Persons Able to Limit Liability)
Article 775 (Limitation on Liability of Salvors)
Article 776 (Procedures for Limitation on Liability)
SECTION 5 Provision of Ships as Security
Article 777 (Claims with Liens on Ships)
Article 778 (Claims Incidental to Ships and Fares)
Article 779 (Liens on Freight)
Article 780 (Exclusion of Insurance Money, etc.)
Article 781 (Claims Arising out of Employment Contracts of Ship Employees)
Article 782 (Priority Order of Liens on Claims Arising out of Same Navigation)
Article 783 (Priority Order of Liens on Claims for Several Navigations)
Article 784 (Cases of Competition of Liens in Same Priority Order)
Article 785 (Superior Right of Liens)
Article 786 (Expiration of Liens)
Article 787 (Ship Mortgages)
Article 788 (Competition of Lien with Ship Mortgages, etc.)
Article 789 (Disapproval of Pledging of Registered Ships)
Article 790 (Mutatis Mutandis Application to Ships under Construction)
CHAPTER II TRANSPORTATION AND CHARTER
SECTION 1 Affreightment in General Ships
Article 791 (Meaning of Contracts of Affreightment in General Ships)
Article 792 (Provision of Cargo)
Article 793 (Delivery of Documents Necessary for Transportation)
Article 794 (Duty of Care for Seaworthiness)
Article 795 (Duty of Care for Cargo)
Article 796 (Grounds for Exclusion of Carriers’ Liability)
Article 797 (Limits on Liability)
Article 798 (Application to Non-Contractual Claims)
Article 799 (Prohibition of Reduction of Liabilities of Carriers)
Article 800 (Disposal of Unlawful Cargo Loaded)
Article 801 (Disposal of Dangerous Cargo)
Article 802 (Acceptance of Cargo)
Article 803 (Deposit, etc. of Cargo)
Article 804 (Notice on Partial Loss of or Damage to Cargo)
Article 805 (Freight by Weight and Volume of Cargo)
Article 806 (Freight by Period of Transportation)
Article 807 (Consignee's Duties and Shipmaster's Retention Rights)
Article 808 (Carrier's Right to Auction Cargo)
Article 809 (Liability of Shipowner when Voyage Charterer, etc. Concludes Transportation Subcontract)
Article 810 (Grounds for Termination of Transportation Contracts)
Article 811 (Cancellation, etc. on Legal Grounds)
Article 812 (Force Majeure concerning Portion of Cargo)
Article 813 (Disposal of Cargo by Shipmaster and Freight)
Article 814 (Termination of Claims and Obligations of Carriers)
Article 815 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 816 (Responsibility of Consolidated Carriers)
SECTION 2 Marine Passenger Transportation
Article 817 (Meaning of Marine Passenger Transportation Contracts)
Article 818 (Registered Passenger Tickets)
Article 819 (Duty to Provide Meal and Accommodation, etc.)
Article 820 (Duty to Transport Luggage for Free)
Article 821 (Delay in Boarding Ship and Shipmaster's Right of Departure)
Article 822 (Cancellation of Contracts by Passengers, and Fares)
Article 823 (Cancellation of Contracts on Legal Grounds)
Article 824 (Duty to Dispose of Luggage of Dead Passengers)
Article 825 (Legal Grounds for Termination)
Article 826 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 3 Voyage Charter
Article 827 (Meaning of Voyage Charter)
Article 828 (Charter Contracts)
Article 829 (Notice of Completion of Preparation of Loading, and Loading Period)
Article 830 (Notice and Shipment in Cases of Third-Party Shippers)
Article 831 (Charterer's Right to Request Departure and Shipmaster's Right of Departure)
Article 832 (Cancellation of Contracts before Departure, etc. of Whole Charter)
Article 833 (Partial Charter and Cancellation of Contracts before Departure, etc.)
Article 834 (Obligation to Pay Incidental Expenses, Substitute Payments, etc.)
Article 835 (Bearing Expenses Incurred in Relation to Loading and Unloading)
Article 836 (Legal Effects of Non-Loading within Loading Period)
Article 837 (Termination of Contracts after Departure)
Article 838 (Unloading of Cargo)
Article 839 (Prohibition of Reducing Liabilities of Shipowners)
Article 840 (Termination of Claims and Obligations of Shipowners)
Article 841 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 4 Time Charter
Article 842 (Meaning of Time Charter)
Article 843 (Time Charterer's Right to Order Shipmasters)
Article 844 (Shipowners' Rights to Retain or Auction Cargo)
Article 845 (Arrears in Charterage and Termination of Contracts, etc.)
Article 846 (Expiration of Claims of Time Charters)
SECTION 5 Bareboat Charter
Article 847 (Meaning of Bareboat Charter)
Article 848 (Legal Nature)
Article 849 (Claims for Registration of Bareboat Charterers and Legal Effects of Registration)
Article 850 (Bareboat Charters and Legal Relations regarding Third Parties)
Article 851 (Termination of Claims on Bareboat Charters)
SECTION 6 Sea Waybills
Article 852 (Issuance of Bills of Lading)
Article 853 (Matters to be Stated in Bills of Lading)
Article 854 (Legal Effects of Statements in Bills of Lading)
Article 855 (Contracts by Charter Parties and Bills of Lading)
Article 856 (Delivery of Certified Copies)
Article 857 (Multiple Copies of Bills of Lading and Delivery of Cargo at Port of Unloading)
Article 858 (Multiple Copies of Bills of Lading and Delivery of Cargo at Place Other than Port of Unloading)
Article 859 (Requests for Delivery of Cargo by Two or More Holders, and Deposits)
Article 860 (Priority Ranking of Several Holders of Bills of Lading)
Article 861 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
Article 862 (Electronic Bills of Lading)
Article 863 (Issuance of Sea Waybills)
Article 864 (Effects of Sea Waybills)
CHAPTER III MARITIME PERILS
SECTION 1 General Average
Article 865 (Requirements for General Average)
Article 866 (Sharing Expenses of General Average)
Article 867 (Calculation of Apportionments of General Average)
Article 868 (Limited Liability of Apportionments of General Average)
Article 869 (Calculation of Damages of General Average)
Article 870 (Recourse against Liable Persons)
Article 871 (Exclusion from Apportionments of General Average)
Article 872 (Exclusion from Claims for Apportionments of General Average)
Article 873 (False Statements as to Value of Cargo and General Average)
Article 874 (Recovery of Damage Which is General Average)
Article 875 (Termination of Claims of General Average)
SECTION 2 Collision of Ships
Article 876 (Provisions Applicable to Collision of Ships)
Article 877 (Collision due to Force Majeure)
Article 878 (Collision due to Fault of One Party)
Article 879 (Collision due to Faults of Both Parties)
Article 880 (Collision due to Fault of Pilot)
Article 881 (Termination of Claims for Collision of Ships)
SECTION 3 Salvage
Article 882 (Requirements for Salvage)
Article 883 (Determination of Remuneration)
Article 884 (Limits on Remuneration)
Article 885 (Special Remuneration for Environmental Damage Preventive Operations)
Article 886 (Obligation to Pay Salvage Charge)
Article 887 (Agreements on Salvage)
Article 888 (Distribution of Salvage Charge between Co-salvors)
Article 889 (Distribution of Remuneration for Salvage Inside One Ship)
Article 890 (Cases of Salvage by Tugboats)
Article 891 (Remuneration between Ships Belonging to Same Owner)
Article 892 (Persons Who Have No Claim for Salvage Charge)
Article 893 (Preferential Rights of Salvors)
Article 894 (Shipmaster's Authority concerning Payment of Salvage Charge)
Article 895 (Termination of Claims for Salvage Charge)
PART VI CARRIAGE BY AIR
CHAPTER I COMMON PROVISIONS
Article 896 (Definition of Aircraft)
Article 897 (Scope of Application)
Article 898 (Reduction or Exclusion of Liability of Carriers, Etc.)
CHAPTER II CARRIAGE
SECTION 1 COMMON PROVISIONS
Article 899 (Application, etc. to Non-Contractual Claims)
Article 900 (Claims against Actual Carriers)
Article 901 (Successive Carriage)
Article 902 (Termination of Liability of Carriers)
Article 903 (Invalidation of Contract Provisions)
SECTION 2 CARRIAGE OF PASSENGERS
Article 904 (Liability of Carriers)
Article 905 (Limits on Liability of Carriers)
Article 906 (Advanced Payments)
Article 907 (Liability for Delayed Arrival)
Article 908 (Liability for Loss of or Damage to Baggage)
Article 909 (Liability for Delayed Arrival of Baggage)
Article 910 (Limits on Liability Concerning Baggage)
Article 911 (Notification on Partial Loss of or Damage to, etc. Checked Baggage)
Article 912 (Duty to Transport Carry-on Baggage Free of Charge)
SECTION 3 CARRIAGE OF GOODS
Article 913 (Liability for Loss of or Damage to Cargo)
Article 914 (Liability for Delayed Arrival of Cargo)
Article 915 (Limits on Liability Amount Concerning Cargo)
Article 916 (Notification on Partial Loss of or Damage to, etc. Checked Cargo)
Article 917 (Rights of Claim for Disposition of Cargo)
Article 918 (Delivery of Cargo)
Article 919 (Statute of Limitations for Claims of Carriers)
Article 920 (Provisions Applicable Mutatis Mutandis)
SECTION 4 AIR WAYBILL
Article 921 (Passenger's Plane Tickets)
Article 922 (Baggage Check)
Article 923 (Issuance of Air Waybills)
Article 924 (Substitution of Air Waybills)
Article 925 (Multiple Packages of Cargo)
Article 926 (Documents Concerning Character of Cargo)
Article 927 (Effects of Violation of Provisions concerning Air Waybills)
Article 928 (Liability for Matters to be Stated in Air Waybills, etc.)
Article 929 (Effects of Written Statement on Air Waybills)
CHAPTER III LIABILITY FOR DAMAGE AGAINST
Article 930 (Aircraft Operator's Liability for Damages)
Article 931 (Grounds for Exclusion of Liability)
Article 932 (Limited Liability of Aircraft Operators)
Article 933 (Exclusion of Limited Liability)
Article 934 (Extinction of Liability of Aircraft Operators)
Article 935 (Procedures for Limitation on Liability)